The former Federal Reserve chair, who served from 1987 to 2006, has died aged 100. His tenure included interventions credited with calming markets after the 1987 Black Monday crash, the 1997 Asian financial crisis, and the 2001 terrorist attacks, and he presided over the 1991–2001 US economic expansion. After the 2008 financial crisis a congressional commission found him culpable for championing deregulation that had “stripped away key safeguards,” and at a 2008 hearing he acknowledged a “flaw” in his libertarian ideology.